Monday, September 16, 2013

Mermaids File: Detailed discussion of plot of the Body Found

There are passages in this discussion that I don't recall from Animal Planet's airing; could have been Discovery version?


http://www.paranormalocean.com/world/mermaid-the-body-found-documentary/

The Navy, NOAA
, and Mermaids

The discovery channel recently aired a documentary suggesting the existence of mermaids. They had actors playing the supposedly involved members of the NOAA and various reputable organizations. Here’s the gist:

2 boys stumbled upon a mass whale beaching in Washington State and took a picture of an unknown creature with their camera phone. Officials in HAZMAT suits tried to convince them they had only seen a seal. NOAA investigated the beaching and believed it was related to Navy sonar testing. People in HAZMAT suits cornered off part of the beach. Meanwhile, Dr. Paul Robertson and researcher Rebecca Davis of the marine mammals division analyzed the bodies to determine the cause of death. Each whale had blood coming from its ears as if it had undergone some sort of trauma. Upon closer inspection, they found small lesions in the intestinal tissue in all the of the whales. They believed the whales had them as a result of the sonar blast. The NOAA had inadvertently recorded the entire event, which I heard, and it was heartbreaking (nothing like hearing a majestic creature scream in pain as it is being brutally killed.) The NOAA continued to investigate whale beachings as they unfortunately continued around the world. They wanted to know what was killing the whales in order to stop it, but they were also interested in a creature rumored to be washing up with the whale carcasses. Their recording had caught the sounds of a creature unlike a whale or dolphins, strangely similar to the 1997 Bloop recording. They called in Dr. Rodney Webster, an expert in animal language and vocalizations. After accounting for the spectrogram frequencies above the range of human hearing, Dr. Webster confirmed it was unlike any recording of whales or dolphins he had studied in for the past thirty years. When decreasing the speed to one-third the original, Dr. Webster was able to distinguish six different voiceprints and thousands of signifiers, or as we call them, words. The creatures were using language.

Scientists in South Africa contacted the researchers after recording what they believed was the same creature, just prior to another sonar blast resulting in more dead whales. The recording sounded as if the creatures were speaking with dolphins. The NOAA petitioned the Navy about their tests killing whales and dolphins and received no response. The NOAA discovered a shark killed by the sonar blasts, which had ingested several animals such as seals and dolphins but also contained remains of an unknown species. They had no way of explaining the source of puncture marks on the shark, with a stingray tail within it. Hammerhead sharks are known to eat stingrays but this shark was a Great White shark and they don’t mess with stingrays. The scientists wondered where the stingray tail had come from. After discarding the bones they recognized as belonging to seals or dolphins they were left with the remains of an unknown creature. They set aside DNA to be tested and examined each part left behind. The creature had a hinged rib cage, an evolutionary trait allowing marine mammals to be able to dive. They found teeth and were surprised to find different kinds of teeth (including molars, incisors, and canines.) Marine mammals have all of the same teeth.

The researchers were able to recover an estimated 30% of the creature’s body. At first they wondered if perhaps it was a manatee species thought to be extinct, since the creature had a similar tail fluke. Then they found the creature had bones inside their tail fluke a feature no manatee has, living or extinct.

The scientists were able to recover part of the skull, enough to send it away for reconstruction. They noted that the skull had a pronounced ridge on the forehead, allowing the creature to cut through the water for better speed. The femur bones they found were long, unlike any marine mammal. So at this point they knew it was not a seal, not a manatee, talks to dolphins, but it is not a dolphin.

They were puzzled to find a whalebone with a notch inside of it until they were able to fit the stingray tail from the puncture wound inside the notch and it fit perfectly. It looked like the creature had been using a handcrafted tool. After analyzing the phalanges they had trouble getting the arrangement to work, so they called in Dr. Stephen Pielson of the Smithsonian an expert on animal structure. He was amazed to realize the hip structure was actually very familiar, it had high ridge crest to support weight and had similar crests on hips. They formed the same structure as an animal that walks up on two legs, the only animal known to do so being humans (and Bigfoot, of course). They found small bones they believed were part of the fins or flippers but no structure proposed would fit. Then they realized the bones actually fit if arranged into a hand structure. They found an enlarged spleen, an important organ for marine mammals allowing them to store oxygen for deep dives.

Using the skull reconstruction they were able to predict the size of different parts of the brain based on our own brain structure. The opening of the frontal skull was concave and had an extensive system of sinuses inside the skull allowing for the creature to broadcast an incredible range of sound. Based on the proportions of the skull, the sound interpretation center would have been twice as large.

The sonar tests continued, a man working [in] the Navy stated they were trying make sound into a weapon so they could disable enemies from far distances by rattling their internal organs. The blast originated from an apparatus securely locked inside of sealed, waterproof cases placed underwater. The cases were capable of withstanding huge amounts of pressure, but the Navy was baffled to find the cases pulled off. No creature should have been able to do that and no one besides the Navy knew of their position.

The NOAA was amazed to realize the 1997 Bloop, the 2004 Bloop they recorded at the whale beaching, and the South African Bloop were all the same creature. The one they had found inside the belly of the shark. The creature only fit the appearance of marine human, or a mermaid.
Mermaids have been reported for thousands of years all over the world, even by different civilizations that had never interacted.

The show went on to explain the Aquatic Ape theory, the idea that during the transition from our last common ancestor from apes to hominid (human), humans went through an aquatic stage. In this stage aquatic-ape like creatures are believed to have developed. Coastal flooding millions of years ago may have brought some of our ancestors deeper into water in order to acquire food. While we evolved from apes into terrestrial humans, our aquatic relatives would have evolved into creatures evocative of the fabled mermaid. According their website, The evidence for this theory lies in the strange differences between humans and primates as well as the features we have in common with marine mammals. • Webbing between fingers (other primates don’t have this) • Subcutaneous fat (insulating from cold water) • Control over breath (humans can hold breath up to 20 minutes, longer than any other terrestrial animal) • Loss of body hair (hair creates drag in water) • Instinctive ability to swim (human babies are able to do this) A highly developed brain, which depends on nutrients provided by seafood.

The Aquatic phase took place more than 5 million years ago. Since then, Homo has had five million years to re-adapt to terrestrial life. It is not surprising that the traces of aquatic adaptation have become partially obliterated and have gone unrecognized for so long. Here is how they depict the hypothetical common ancestor: [...]

charming right?

According to the scientists, some sort of police officials came early in the morning on 8/8/05 and confiscated all their work including the files, the body, and the skull reconstruction. What they did not take was the recording; either because they didn’t know it was there or could not take it. They came in with all the right sort of documentation and clearances and confiscated everything they could get their hands on. The scientists were extremely upset about this. All of the scientists then had their visas revoked immediately and had to return the U.S.

One member of their team left the NOAA to search for the creature. The rest went to track down the kids who had first seen the strange creature at the whale beaching in Washington State. The kids showed them a picture they had drew matching the depiction the scientists had developed.

Then, the boy brought out his camera phone. The officials who talked to the boys and tried to convince them they had just seen a dead seal, which looked very strange from decomposition, had not thought to check their phones. The picture looked just like the scientist’s reconstruction.

The scientists went on to petition the American and South African governments for the return of their research but were denied. The American government contacted them to tell them they had tested the DNA and said it must have been contaminated with human DNA because the findings were too close. They basically wrote this discovery out of history. Rather than acknowledging the discovery of a new relative to humans they said human DNA must have contaminated it.

Though the scientists could not get their research back, they decided they would continue in their study. They looked at the different spots where whales had been beached and realized they were migratory routes. The creature reported to have washed up with them must have been traveling with them. As they knew the migratory routes the whales traveled, they tried to find them. They believe they saw them that day. [Navy or other officials came on board and confiscated their equipment] Though it may have been a radically significant scientific discovery they came to realize it may be best we don’t know about them, since when our species lived alongside Neanderthals we wiped them out. They still fervently believe the mermaids are out there.

They point to the unique behavior of dolphins in places like Brazil, SW Africa, and SE Asia as further evidence. There, fisherman go into the shallows and call to the dolphins, who corral schools of fish toward them and into the fisherman’s nets. The dolphins know it is okay if they get caught in the net because they will be released. Upon catching, the dolphins are given their share of the haul. How did this cooperation develop? The scientists believe The scientists believe it is a natural result of our evolutionary relatives long companionship with dolphins.

Mermaids File: How sonar works and its uses

Scholastic

http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/explorations/bats/libraryarticle.asp?ItemID=234&SubjectID=141&categoryID=3

Sonar

The word "sonar" comes from the first letters of "sound navigation ranging." Sonar can detect and locate objects under the sea by echoes, much as porpoises and other marine animals navigate using their natural sonar systems.

How Sonar Works
There are two types of sonar sets: active and passive. An active sonar set sends out sound pulses called pings, then receives the returning sound echo. Passive sonar sets receive sound echoes without transmitting their own sound signals.

In active sonar sets, the sound signals are very powerful compared with ordinary sounds. Most sonar sets send out sounds that are millions of times more powerful than a shout. Each ping lasts a fraction of a second.

Some sonar sets emit sounds you can hear. Other sonar signals are pitched so high that the human ear cannot hear them. These signals are called ultrasonic waves. ("Ultra" means "beyond," and "sonic" means "sound.") The sonar set has a special receiver that can pick up the returning echoes. The location of underwater objects can then be determined by the length of time that elapses between sending the signal and hearing the returning echo.

Uses of Sonar
Sonar has many uses. Submarines use sonar to detect other vessels. Sonar is also used to measure the depth of water, by means of a device called a Fathometer. (One fathom equals 6 feet, or about 1.8 meters.) The Fathometer measures the time it takes for a sound pulse to reach the bottom of the sea and return to the ship. Fishing boats use Fathometers to locate schools of fish.

Oceanographers use sonar to map the contours of the ocean floor. Sound signals can also be sent into the mud or sand on the ocean floor and strike a layer of rock underneath. An echo then comes back, giving the distance to the rock layer.

The same principle is used in searching for oil on land. A sonar pulse is sent into the ground. Echoes come back from the different layers of soil and rock and tell geologists what kinds of soils and rocks are present. This helps them identify areas for drilling that are most likely to contain oil or gas. This subterranean mapping is called seismic exploration.

Mermaids File: Use of sonar to find fish

Equipped with advanced fish-finding sonar, the AUSV can be used to direct fishing vessels toward areas where it is most profitable for them to fish.

http://www.harborwingtech.com/products_commercial.htm

Mermaids File: 2005 - "NRDC: Noise of Military, Industry, Shipping Harms Marine Life"

Environment News

http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2005/2005-11-22-01.asp

NRDC: Noise of Military, Industry, Shipping Harms Marine Life
LOS ANGELES, California, November 22, 2005 (ENS) - Rising levels of intense underwater sound produced by oil and gas exploration, military sonar and other human sources are threatening the survival of whales, dolphins, fish and other marine species, concludes a report released Monday by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). In the underwater darkness, marine mammals use their own sounds and sounds made by other marine animals to navigate while migrating, to locate each other over great distances for mating, to find food, avoid predators, and care for their young. High decibel noise can interfere with all of these activities, testing the ability of marine animals to survive. Examinations of whales that have beached themselves after they were exposed to sonar used in military battle exercises show the whales were bleeding internally around their brains and ears.


 "Ocean noise is an insidious form of pollution. The tremendous damage it is doing to life in the sea is becoming more evident with each passing year," said Michael Jasny, the report's principal author. whalesCarcasses of beaked whales are removed from the beach after a mass stranding in the Canary Islands, 2002. (Photo courtesy NRDC) The report "Sounding the Depths II: The Rising Toll of Sonar, Shipping and Industrial Ocean Noise on Marine Life," is accompanied by a five-minute movie narrated by actor and environmentalist Pierce Brosnan and produced by the firm Imaginary Forces. The film, "Lethal Sound," is about harm to marine mammals from high-intensity military sonar and seismic air guns. Ocean noise is growing from a host of military, commercial and industrial sources including dredgers that clear the seabed for ship traffic, high explosives for removing oil platforms and testing naval vessels, construction pile drivers, harassment devices for fisheries, tunnel borers, drilling platforms, oil and gas surveys, ships, and commercial and military sonar. Intense underwater noise can harm marine life in many ways. Military sonar has been linked to dozens of mass strandings of whales around the world, and oil and gas surveys have been shown to damage fish and reduce catch rates.

 "Nations of the world need to work together now to reduce the impacts of ocean noise before the problem becomes unmanageable and the harm to marine life irreversible," Jasny said. There is no longer serious scientific debate about whether marine mammals are dying from intense ocean noise that originates from human activities, the NRDC says. The Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission released a report in July saying, there is "compelling evidence" that entire populations of whales and other marine mammals are potentially threatened by increasingly intense underwater noise from human activities, both regionally and oceanwide. 

The Scientific Committee expressed "great concern" over the impacts of oil and gas exploration on large whales, noting "several cases of impacts" on large whales from these activities. The report cited an incident in 2002 in which humpback whales stranded off the coast of Brazil in unusual numbers during an underwater oil and gas survey of the area that generated intense sound pulses. Mass stranding and mortality events associated with mid-frequency sonar exercises have occurred, among other places, in North Carolina (2005), Alaska (2004), Hawaii (2004), the Canary Islands (2004, 2002, 1991, 1989, 1986, 1985); Madeira (2000), the Bahamas (2000), the U.S. Virgin Islands (1999), and Greece (1997, 1996). According to a report in the scientific journal "Nature," cited by the NRDC, animals that came ashore during one mass stranding had developed large emboli, or bubbles, in their organ tissue. The report suggested that the animals had suffered from something akin to a severe case of the bends - the illness that can kill scuba divers who surface too quickly from deep water. "The study supports what many scientists have long suspected: that the whales stranded on shore are only the most visible symptom of a problem affecting much larger numbers of marine life," says the NRDC report. But despite evidence of the harm caused by human sources of ocean noise, the NRDC says there are virtually no safeguards in place to protect marine life. NRDC began campaigning to expose the dangers of active sonar in 1994. The group accuses the U.S. government of blocking international efforts to control the problem. sonarSonar technicians aboard the nuclear submarine USS Toledo monitor the sonar screens during their watch while underway in the Persian Gulf on September 1, 2004. (Photo by Petty Officer 1st class David C. Lloyd courtesy U.S. Navy) In August 2003, the NRDC won a major victory, when a federal court ruled illegal the Navy's plan to deploy Low Frequency Active (LFA) sonar through 75 percent of the world's oceans. After this ruling, the Navy agreed to limit use of the system to a fraction of the area originally proposed, and that use of LFA sonar will be guided by negotiated geographical limits and seasonal exclusions. Conservationists believe this will protect critical habitat and whale migrations, and the Navy also retains the flexibility it needs for training exercises. None of the limits apply during war or heightened threat conditions. The pact demonstrates that current law can safeguard both the environment and national security, the NRDC says. But shortly after the settlement, the Bush administration pushed legislation through Congress that exempts the U.S. military from core provisions of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, leaving the armed forces freer to harm whales, dolphins and other marine mammals in the course of using high-intensity sonar and underwater explosives. Now that the exemptions have been granted, the administration is appealing the court ruling limiting deployment of LFA sonar. The NRDC says it stands ready to defend this "hard-won" court victory. 

The NRDC report comes as the U.S. Navy is moving ahead with plans to site an Undersea Warfare Training Range off Florida, Virginia, or North Carolina, where a mass stranding of whales occurred earlier this year after a U.S. Navy sonar exercise. The training range would be the location for over 160 sonar exercises per year, and the NRDC says it would "transform the acoustic landscape" of the region. An undersea sonar training range already exists off the coast of Hawaii. 

But the Navy says another is needed to train its Atlantic fleet because of the growing threat posed by ultra-quiet diesel submarines. Conrad Erkelens, an environmental specialist for the Navy's U.S. Pacific Fleet, says the Navy has a history of "working to protect marine mammals in the vicinity of naval activity." shipsThe U.S. Navy missile cruiser Shoup (rear center) and pod of orcas in Haro Strait, May 5, 2003 (Photo courtesy Center for Whale Research) Some analyses of the effect of Navy sonar on marine mammals conclude that the sonar did not cause stranding. For instance, on May 5, 2003, several civilian whale watchers vessels and local environmentalists observed orca along the shore of San Juan Island in Washington state. At this time, the USS Shoup was conducting routine training using its mid-range tactical sonar system. Although some statements in the media reported that the sonar had resulted in injury to the orca and was linked to subsequent harbor porpoise strandings, NOAAĆ­s assessment does not support these claims. But overall, marine mammal conservationists are not convinced that sonar is benign. 

On October 19, five conservation organizations filed a lawsuit in federal court against the U.S. Navy. Whales, dolphins and other marine animals could be spared injury and death with common sense precautions, but the Navy refuses to implement them, according to the lawsuit, brought by the NRDC, the Cetacean Society International, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), the League for Coastal Protection, and Ocean Futures Society and its founder and president Jean Michel Cousteau. The Navy has until December 18 to respond to the legal action. Sounding the Depths II is the second edition of a report originally published by NRDC in 1999. Sounding the Depths II sets forth a 
 comprehensive strategy for reducing ocean noise pollution. 

The new edition includes:
The most comprehensive accounting of mass whale strandings related to both military sonar and high energy seismic surveys conducted by the oil and gas industry
A global map of "hotspots," showing where industry explores for oil and gas by blasting air guns at the ocean floor
A roster of active sonar systems used by U.S. and other navies
The latest scientific findings on noise and whale strandings
A chart of mitigation measures and recommendations for reducing the impacts of ocean noise The report calls for geographic and seasonal restrictions on intense noise from military sonar and seismic air guns, technological improvements to reduce sonic damage, better monitoring and population research, stronger enforcement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, and a commitment to international solutions. 






Mermaids File: Wikipedia entry on both shows

Mermaids is a docufiction[1] that originally aired as Mermaids: The Body Found on May 27, 2012, on Animal Planet and June 17 on Discovery Channel. It tells a story of a scientific team's investigative efforts to uncover the source behind mysterious underwater recordings of an unidentified marine body. The show uses the aquatic ape hypothesis as "evidence" that mermaids exist, along with a digitally manufactured video.[2] A sequel broadcast called Mermaids: The New Evidence aired May 26, 2013.

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/mermaids.html

Mermaids File: Wikipedia entry on the Bloop

Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloop

Mermaids File: Air guns and JIP

http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/sounds-and-cetaceans-quieting-noisy-underwater-world

Air guns are a particularly thorny issue — so much so that JIP has already spent $7 million measuring their sound output in the ocean, according to Gentry. Air guns shoot low-frequency shock waves from an array towed behind a ship down into the water. These shock waves penetrate the seafloor and help locate pockets of oil, gas or mineral deposits. But to get the seismic profiles researchers need, the air guns release large quantities of highly compressed air at 15-second intervals. These guns can produce noise levels as high as 250 decibels, twice as loud as a jet engine and well over the 200-decibel threshold for permanent hearing damage in fish and whales.

Since 2005, researchers in Norway have been looking at how sound from air guns propagates through the water. To gauge how sound waves from air guns might affect whales or other marine life, researchers first need a better understanding of how sound actually travels underwater. Ideally, most of the energy produced by air guns is directed down toward the seafloor, but the seafloor’s bathymetry has a significant effect on how much sound energy escapes outward. “A big part of the air gun project is modeling how sound moves in different underwater terrains,” Gentry says. “The air gun arrays produce and propagate sound very differently depending on whether the environment is shallow water or deepwater, if the bottom is sloping or flat, and whether the seafloor is mud or rock.”

Another major focus of the 2010 program will be to modify existing technologies like hydrophones and radar to detect whales near a sound source like an air gun array — with the goal of avoiding whale-human interactions. “Right now the gold standard for detecting whales is to have somebody standing watch on the bridge of a boat looking out with big binoculars,” says James Eckman, a marine biologist at the Office of Naval Research in Arlington, Va. “But that method doesn’t work in bad weather or at night.” Fortunately, he says, the key to solving this problem might lie in already existing technology. “Most of these animals make noise, so just dropping a microphone in the water could work.” Radar, which is already required on all seagoing ships, could also be used to watch for large whales nearby, he says. The Supreme Court’s 2008 decision stated that sonar operations must cease if a whale or other marine mammal is spotted within two kilometers of a ship. “Right now seismic operations are shut down at night, when we can’t see the whales,” Young says. “Developing better ways to detect them would double our exploration efficiency at sea.”